Dr. Malur Ramasamy Srinivasan was a pioneering figure in India’s nuclear energy development. A mechanical engineer by training, he worked closely with Dr. Homi J. Bhabha on the Apsara reactor, India’s first nuclear research facility. His technical expertise and leadership were critical during the construction of the Madras Atomic Power Station, where he served as Chief Project Engineer.

Dr. Srinivasan played a pivotal role in the expansion of India’s nuclear power capabilities. He served as the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and later became the founding chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL). Under his guidance, 18 nuclear power units were developed, marking a period of rapid growth and self-reliance in India’s atomic energy journey. His legacy endures through the robust foundation he built for India’s civil nuclear program.

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Evolution of India’s Civil Nuclear Energy Program

India’s civil nuclear programme was born out of necessity and strategic foresight. With limited fossil fuel reserves and growing energy demands, the country invested early in nuclear power as a clean and scalable energy source. Initially relying on Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), the program expanded steadily through domestic design and engineering.

Currently, India operates 24 nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of approximately 8.18 GW, contributing around 3.15% of the country’s total power generation. While this share remains modest, the programme is undergoing a major transformation with a long-term target of achieving 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047.

India’s three-stage nuclear power programme envisions the use of its vast thorium reserves, with Stage 1 involving PHWRs, Stage 2 utilising fast breeder reactors, and Stage 3 focused on thorium-based reactors. This strategy is designed to maximise domestic fuel resources while ensuring energy independence.

Present Status and Future Roadmap

As of 2025, India is on a path to increase its nuclear capacity significantly. The goal is to reach 22.48 GW by 2032 through a combination of ongoing and new reactor projects. Some of the major projects include the construction of an additional 700 MWe PHWRs at Kakrapar and Kaiga, and a proposed six-reactor complex in Andhra Pradesh.

One of the most significant developments is the near-completion of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam. Once operational, it will represent a major step forward in utilizing plutonium and later thorium fuel cycles. The country is also exploring newer technologies, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and molten salt reactors, with plans to deploy five SMRs by 2033.

In the 2025–26 Union Budget, ₹20,000 crore was earmarked for research, development, and deployment of advanced nuclear technologies, indicating strong government backing.

Policy Changes and International Cooperation

India is gradually opening its nuclear energy sector to international collaboration and investment. The government is planning to allow up to 49% foreign direct investment (FDI) in nuclear projects in a phased manner. This is expected to attract global expertise, funding, and advanced technologies.

Significant partnerships are being formed with global players to facilitate the transfer of unclassified SMR technology to Indian companies. Policy reforms are also underway, with proposed amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, aimed at facilitating greater private sector participation while maintaining safety and regulatory oversight.

Legacy and Vision

Dr. M.R. Srinivasan’s contributions laid the technical and institutional foundation for India's nuclear programme. His emphasis on indigenous development, safety, and long-term planning continues to guide the programme’s direction. As India prepares for a cleaner and more energy-secure future, his legacy remains central to the country’s nuclear ambitions.

The future of India’s civil nuclear energy programme looks promising, with ambitious capacity targets, robust policy support, and a clear roadmap for technology development. Dr. Srinivasan’s vision of a self-reliant, technologically advanced nuclear India is steadily becoming a reality.

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